The findings of this review underscore the importance of paying more attention to different aspects of hazards of air pollution on children’s health, and not only to the direct effects on the respiratory system. Of special concern are the late-onset effects of air pollution in early life that may contribute to many chronic diseases later in life. Chronic non-communicable diseases are rapidly escalating in low- and middle-income countries [7], and their risk factors have a considerably high prevalence in different age groups even in children and adolescents [8-11]. The association of dietary and physical activity habits and these risk factors has been documented [12-15]; however, studies about the relationship of environmental factors, notably air pollution, with risk factors of chronic diseases are scarce in the paediatric age group.