The output/input gain, q, for operation area R2 (vertical line pattern) in CCM mode is limited to a maximum of 3 times the transformer’s turns ratio. Otherwise, in region R3 (horizontal line pattern) the minimum value of the output voltage in CCM mode is 3 times the transformer’s turns ratio. Gain q being the ratio between the output and the input voltage, for all modes and regions of operation is described by eq.(2). Where, Io is the normalized output current, given by eq.(3).