1.This threefold division derives from Martin Wight. The best published account of it is his "Western Values in International Relations," in Diplomatic Investigations,ed. Herbert Butterfield and Martin Wight (London: Allen and Unwin, 1967). The division is further discussed in my "Martin Wight and the Theory of International Relations. The Second Martin Wight Memorial Lecture ," British Journal of International Studies 2, no. 2 (1976).
2. In kant's own doctrine there is of course ambiva-lence as between the universalism of the Idea of Universal History from a Cosmopolitan Point of View (1784) and the position taken up in Perpetual Peace (1795), in which Kant accepts the substitute goal of a league of "republican" states.
3. I have myself used the term 'Grotian' in two senses: (i) as here, to describe the broad doctrine that there is a society of states; (ii) to describe the solidarist form of this doctrine, which united Grotius himself and the twentiethcentury neo-Grotians, in opposition to the pluralist conception of international society entertained by Vattel and later positivist writers. See "The Grotian Conception of International Society," in Diplomatic Investigations.