In accounting research, liquidity is often measured by the bid-ask spread on the share price, which, other things being equal, reflects the risk (to the market-maker, the investor’s counter-party) in holding the company’s shares. Improved disclosures should reduce both uncertainties surrounding the company’s prospects and any advantages that insiders may have through holding information that is not available to the market. These changes should allow market-makers to reduce their bid-ask spreads. This reduction in transaction costs may also be reflected, via higher share prices, in a lower cost of capital to the company. However, the effects on liquidity can be assessed independently of changes in the cost of capital.