non-lawyers such as psychologists, Master of Business Administration (MBA) graduates, HR specialists and organisation experts dominate the HR field (Sison, 2003). The more profitable companies have also learned to accept job evaluations conducted by external consultants as important aspects of HRM. In the 1980s and 1990s, HRD became a popular term for training and skills upgrading. Because of the positive subliminal meaning of HRD, HR managers began to identify themselves as "HRD managers', which is sometimes confusing because some companies have their own train ing managers who are also called 'HRD managers'. For the bigger corporations with professional management teams the preferred term is simply 'HR manager', whose subordinates include a personnel manager in charge of mainly administrative work and a HRD man ager specialising in training. the EOI