Control variables.
Control variables included family and community and subject demographic variables.
Subject demographic variables included age and race (recoded as “white” vs. “nonwhite” because the demographics of the region at the time of sampling did not allow for more detailed categories).
Family variables included information regarding caregiver’s high-school graduation at study start, mother’s age at the birth of the child,
parent’s history of mental health treatment,
and period of receipt of starting income assistance (family poor at subject’s birth but no income assistance later, childhood only not poor at birth, both [AFDC and later temporary assistance for needy families]).
Community variables examined included % of children in tract who were below poverty level from the 1990 U.S. Census data.