Literature Edit
Main article: Literature of the Philippines
The literature of the Philippines illustrates the Prehistory and European colonial legacy of the Philippines, written in both Indigenous and Hispanic writing system. Most of the traditional literatures of the Philippines were written during the Mexican and Spanish period. Philippine literature is written in Spanish, English, or any indigenous Philippine languages.
Arts(Visual) Edit
Painting Edit
A Bontoc warrior (c. 1908) showing the characteristic tattoos of some indigenous Filipino cultures.
Early Filipino painting can be found in red slip (clay mixed with water) designs embellished on the ritual pottery of the Philippines such as the acclaimed Manunggul Jar. Evidence of Philippine pottery-making dated as early as 6,000 BC has been found in Sanga-sanga Cave, Sulu and Laurente Cave, Cagayan. It has been proven that by 5,000 BC, the making of pottery was practiced throughout the country. Early Filipinos started making pottery before their Cambodian neighbors, and at about the same time as the Thais as part of what appears to be a widespread Ice Age development of pottery technology.
Further evidence of painting is manifest in the tattoo tradition of early Filipinos, whom the Portuguese explorer referred to as Pintados or the 'Painted People' of the Visayas.[8][9] Various designs referencing flora and fauna with heavenly bodies decorate their bodies in various colored pigmentation. Perhaps, some of the most elaborate painting done by early Filipinos that survive to the present day can be manifested among the arts and architecture of the Maranao who are well known for the Naga Dragons and the Sarimanok carved and painted in the beautiful Panolong of their Torogan or King's House.
Filipinos began creating paintings in the European tradition during 17th-century Spanish period. The earliest of these paintings were Church frescoes, religious imagery from Biblical sources, as well as engravings, sculptures and lithographs featuring Christian icons and European nobility. Most of the paintings and sculptures between the 19th and 20th centuries produced a mixture of religious, political, and landscape art works, with qualities of sweetness, dark, and light.
Early modernist painters such as Damián Domingo was associated with religious and secular paintings. The art of Juan Luna and Félix Hidalgo showed a trend for political statement. The first Philippine national artist Fernando Amorsolo used post-modernism to produce paintings that illustrated Philippine culture, nature and harmony. While other artist such as Fernando Zóbel used realities and abstract on his work. In the 1980s, Elito Circa, popularly known as Amangpintor, gained recognition. He uses his own hair to make his own paintbrushes and signs his painting using his own blood on the right side corner. He developed his own styles without professional training or guidance from masters.
Indigenous art Edit
The Itneg people are known for their intricate woven fabrics. The binakol is a blanket which features designs that incorporate optical illusions. Woven fabrics of the Ga'dang people usually have bright red tones. Their weaving can also be identified by beaded ornamentation. Other peoples such as the Ilongot make jewelry from pearl, red hornbill beaks, plants, and metals. Some indigenous materials are also used as a medium in different kinds of art works especially in painting by Elito Circa, a folk artist of Pantabangan and a pioneer for using indigenous materials, natural raw materials including human blood. Many Filipino painters were influenced by this and started using these materials such as extract from onion, tomato, tuba, coffee, rust, molasses and other materials available anywhere as paint.
The Lumad peoples of Mindanao such as the B'laan, Mandaya, Mansaka and T'boli are skilled in the art of dyeing abaca fiber. Abaca is a plant closely related to bananas, and its leaves are used to make fiber known as Manila hemp. The fiber is dyed by a method called ikat. Ikat fiber are woven into cloth with geometric patterns depicting human, animal and plant themes.
Kut-kut art Edit
A technique combining ancient Oriental and European art process. Considered lost art and highly collectible art form. Very few known art pieces existed today. The technique was practiced by the indigenous people of Samar Island between early 1600 and late 1800 A.D. Kut-kut is an exotic Philippine art form based on early century techniques—sgraffito, encaustic and layering. The merging of these ancient styles produces a unique artwork characterized by delicate swirling interwoven lines, multi-layered texture and an illusion of three-dimensional space.
Islamic art Edit
Islamic art in the Philippines have two main artistic styles. One is a curved-line woodcarving and metalworking called okir, similar to the Middle Eastern Islamic art. This style is associated with men. The other style is geometric tapestries, and is associated with women. The Tausug and Sama–Bajau exhibit their okir on elaborate markings with boat-like imagery. The Marananaos make similar carvings on housings called torogan. Weapons made by Muslim Filipinos such as the kampilan are skillfully carved.
Performing arts Edit
Music Edit
Main article: Music in the Philippines
The Philippine Palabuniyan Kulintang musicians performing the Kulintang instruments which is the music of the Maguindanao people.
The early music of the Philippines featured a mixture of Indigenous, Islamic and a variety of Asian sounds that flourished before the European and American colonization in the 16th and 20th centuries. Spanish settlers and Filipinos played a variety of musical instruments, including flutes, guitar, ukelele, violin, trumpets and drums. They performed songs and dances to celebrate festive occasions. By the 21st century, many of the folk songs and dances have remained intact throughout the Philippines. Some of the groups that perform these folk songs and dances are the Bayanihan, Filipinescas, Barangay-Barrio, Hariraya, the Karilagan Ensemble, and groups associated with the guilds of Manila, and Fort Santiago theatres. Many Filipino musicians have risen prominence such as the composer and conductor Antonio J. Molina, the composer Felipe P. de Leon, known for his nationalistic themes and the opera singer Jovita Fuentes.
Modern day Philippine music features several styles. Most music genres are contemporary such as Filipino rock, Filipino hip hop and other musical styles. Some are traditional such as Filipino folk music.
Dancing Edit
Main article: Philippine Dance
A Zamboangueño dance in Philippine Hispanic tradition.
Philippine folk dances include the Tinikling and Cariñosa. In the southern region of Mindanao, Singkil is a popular dance showcasing the story of a prince and princess in the forest. Bamboo poles are arranged in a tic-tac-toe pattern in which the dancers exploit every position of these clashing poles.[10][11]
Cinema and television Edit
Main article: Cinema of the Philippines
The advent of the cinema of the Philippines can be traced back to the early days of filmmaking in 1897 when a Spanish theater owner screened imported moving pictures.
Mila del Sol starred in one of the earliest Filipino movies, Giliw Ko (1939), along with Fernando Poe, Sr..
The formative years of Philippine cinema, starting from the 1930s, were a time of discovery of film as a new medium of expressing artworks. Scripts and characterizations in films came from popular theater shows and Philippine literature.
In the 1940s, Philippine cinema brought the consciousness of reality in its film industry. Nationalistic films became popular, and movie themes consisting primarily of war and heroism and proved to be successful with Philippine audiences.
The 1950s saw the first golden age of Philippine cinema,[12][13] with the emergence of more artistic and mature films, and significant improvement in cinematic techniques among filmmakers. The studio system produced frenetic activity in the Philippine film industry as many films were made annually and several local talents started to gain recognition abroad. Award-winning filmmakers and actors were first introduced during this period. As the decade drew to a close, the studio system monopoly came under siege as a result of labor-management conflicts. By the 1960s, the artistry established in the previous years was in decline. This era can be characterized by rampant commercialism in films.
The 1970s and 1980s were considered turbulent years for the Philippine film industry, bringing both positive and negative changes. The films in this period dealt with more serious topics following the Martial law era. In addition, action, western, drama, adult and comedy films developed further in picture quality, sound and writing. The 1980s brought the arrival of alternative or independent cinema in the Philippines.
The 1990s saw the emerging popularity of drama, teen-oriented romantic comedy, adult, comedy and action films.[13]
The Philippines, being one of Asia's earliest film industry producers, remains undisputed in terms of the highest level of theater admission in Asia. Over the years, however, the Philippine film industry has registered a steady decline in movie viewership from 131 million in 1996 to 63 million in 2004.[14][15] From a high production rate of 350 films a year in the 1950s, and 200 films a year during the 1980s, the Philippine film industry production rate declined in 2006 to 2007.[14][15] The 21st century saw the rebirth of independent filmmaking through the use of digital technology and a number of films have once again earned nationwide recognition and prestige.
With the high rates of film production in the past, several movie artists have appeared in over 100+ roles in Philippine Cinema[16] and enjoyed great recognition from fans and moviegoers.
Architecture Edit
Main article: Architecture of the Philippines
Calle
แก้ไขเอกสารประกอบการบทความหลัก: วรรณกรรมของฟิลิปปินส์วรรณกรรมฟิลิปปินส์แสดงยุคก่อนประวัติศาสตร์และยุโรปโคโลเนียลมรดกของฟิลิปปินส์ เขียนระบบเขียน Indigenous และ Hispanic Literatures ดั้งเดิมของฟิลิปปินส์ส่วนใหญ่เขียนขึ้นในช่วงเวลาสเปน และเม็กซิกัน วรรณกรรมฟิลิปปินส์ถูกเขียนในภาษาสเปน ภาษาอังกฤษ หรือภาษาฟิลิปปินส์ชนใด ๆแก้ไข Arts(Visual)แก้ไขภาพวาดนักรบ Bontoc)(ราวค.ศ. 1908) แสดงรอยสักลักษณะวัฒนธรรมฟิลิปปินส์บางคนพื้นเมืองจิตรกรรมต้นฟิลิปปินส์จะพบใบสีแดง (ดินผสมกับน้ำ) ออกแบบประดับประดาบนเครื่องปั้นดินเผาพิธีกรรมของฟิลิปปินส์เช่นขวด Manunggul รางวัล หลักฐานการทำเครื่องปั้นดินเผาฟิลิปปินส์ลงก่อนเป็น 6000 BC พบในถ้ำ Sanga sanga ซูลู และ ถ้ำลอเรนเต้ คากายัน มันได้ถูกพิสูจน์ว่า โดย 5000 BC การทำเครื่องปั้นดินเผาถูกฝึกฝนทั่วประเทศ Filipinos ก่อนเริ่มต้นทำก่อนเพื่อนบ้านของกัมพูชา และที่เกี่ยวกับเวลาเดียวกันเป็นคนไทยเป็นส่วนหนึ่งที่ดูเหมือนจะ เป็นการพัฒนายุคน้ำแข็งอย่างแพร่หลายของเทคโนโลยีเครื่องปั้นดินเผาหลักฐานเพิ่มเติมของจิตรกรรมเป็นรายการในประเพณีการสักของ Filipinos ต้น ที่ explorer โปรตุเกสเรียกว่า Pintados หรือ 'ทาสีคน' สสเตท [8] [9] งานออกแบบต่าง ๆ ที่อ้างอิงถึงพืชและสัตว์ที่ มีร่างกายสวรรค์ตกแต่งศพในผิวคล้ำสีต่าง ๆ บางที บางภาพเขียนอย่างประณีตที่สุดโดย Filipinos ต้นที่รอดถึงปัจจุบันสามารถเป็นประจักษ์ศิลปะและสถาปัตยกรรมของมาราเนาที่รู้จักกันดีสำหรับมังกรนาคและ Sarimanok สลัก และทาสี Panolong สวยของ Torogan ของพวกเขาหรือบ้านของพระFilipinos เริ่มสร้างภาพวาดประเพณียุโรปศตวรรษที่ 17 สเปนช่วง แรกสุดของภาพวาดเหล่านี้มีโบสถ์ frescoes ภาพทางศาสนาจากคัมภีร์แหล่ง ตลอดจนสลักลายบน ประติมากรรม และ lithographs ไอมีคริสเตียนและขุนนางยุโรป ทั้งภาพวาดและประติมากรรมระหว่างศตวรรษ 19 และ 20 ผลิตส่วนผสมของศาสนา การเมือง และงานศิลปะตกแต่ง มีคุณภาพรู้สึ มืด และแสงชื่อจิตรกรบุกเบิกแรก ๆ เช่นในซันโตโดมิงโกแบ่ง Damián เกี่ยวข้องกับภาพวาดทางศาสนา และทางโลก ศิลปะของ Juan Luna และเฟลิกซ์ Hidalgo พบแนวโน้มสำหรับงบทางการเมือง แรกฟิลิปปินส์ชาติศิลปิน Fernando Amorsolo ใช้สมัยหลังเพื่อสร้างภาพวาดที่แสดงวัฒนธรรมฟิลิปปินส์ ธรรมชาติ และความกลมกลืน ขณะที่ศิลปินอื่น ๆ เช่น Fernando Zóbel ใช้จริงและบทคัดย่อในการทำงานของเขา ในทศวรรษ 1980 เซอร์กา Elito เรียกขานกันว่า Amangpintor ได้รับรู้ เขาใช้ผมของเขาเองจะทำให้ paintbrushes ของเขาเอง และสัญญาณภาพวาดของเขาใช้เลือดของตัวเองที่มุมด้านขวา เขาได้พัฒนารูปแบบของเขาเอง โดยไม่มีการฝึกอบรมวิชาชีพหรือคำแนะนำจากผู้เชี่ยวชาญศิลปะพื้นเมืองแก้ไขคน Itneg เป็นที่รู้จักสำหรับผ้าทอความซับซ้อน Binakol เป็นแบบครอบคลุมที่ออกแบบที่ภาพลวงตาของแสง ผ้าทอของคน Ga'dang จะมีโทนสีแดงสดใส การทอผ้าของพวกเขาสามารถยังระบุได้ด้วยการโอบลูกปัด คนอื่น ๆ เช่น Ilongot การทำเครื่องประดับจากมุก แดงนกเงือก beaks พืช และโลหะ บางวัสดุยังใช้เป็นสื่อในงานศิลปะโดยเฉพาะอย่างยิ่งในจิตรกรรมต่าง ๆ โดยเซอร์ กา Elito ศิลปินพื้นบ้านของ Pantabangan และผู้บุกเบิกการใช้วัสดุ วัตถุดิบธรรมชาติรวมถึงเลือดมนุษย์ด้วย ชื่อจิตรกรชาวฟิลิปปินส์จำนวนมากได้รับอิทธิพลจากนี้ และเริ่มใช้วัสดุเหล่านี้เช่นสารสกัดจากหัวหอมใหญ่ มะเขือเทศ ทูบา กาแฟ สนิม กากน้ำตาลและวัสดุอื่น ๆ เป็นสีใดก็ได้The Lumad peoples of Mindanao such as the B'laan, Mandaya, Mansaka and T'boli are skilled in the art of dyeing abaca fiber. Abaca is a plant closely related to bananas, and its leaves are used to make fiber known as Manila hemp. The fiber is dyed by a method called ikat. Ikat fiber are woven into cloth with geometric patterns depicting human, animal and plant themes.Kut-kut art EditA technique combining ancient Oriental and European art process. Considered lost art and highly collectible art form. Very few known art pieces existed today. The technique was practiced by the indigenous people of Samar Island between early 1600 and late 1800 A.D. Kut-kut is an exotic Philippine art form based on early century techniques—sgraffito, encaustic and layering. The merging of these ancient styles produces a unique artwork characterized by delicate swirling interwoven lines, multi-layered texture and an illusion of three-dimensional space.Islamic art EditIslamic art in the Philippines have two main artistic styles. One is a curved-line woodcarving and metalworking called okir, similar to the Middle Eastern Islamic art. This style is associated with men. The other style is geometric tapestries, and is associated with women. The Tausug and Sama–Bajau exhibit their okir on elaborate markings with boat-like imagery. The Marananaos make similar carvings on housings called torogan. Weapons made by Muslim Filipinos such as the kampilan are skillfully carved.Performing arts EditMusic EditMain article: Music in the PhilippinesThe Philippine Palabuniyan Kulintang musicians performing the Kulintang instruments which is the music of the Maguindanao people.The early music of the Philippines featured a mixture of Indigenous, Islamic and a variety of Asian sounds that flourished before the European and American colonization in the 16th and 20th centuries. Spanish settlers and Filipinos played a variety of musical instruments, including flutes, guitar, ukelele, violin, trumpets and drums. They performed songs and dances to celebrate festive occasions. By the 21st century, many of the folk songs and dances have remained intact throughout the Philippines. Some of the groups that perform these folk songs and dances are the Bayanihan, Filipinescas, Barangay-Barrio, Hariraya, the Karilagan Ensemble, and groups associated with the guilds of Manila, and Fort Santiago theatres. Many Filipino musicians have risen prominence such as the composer and conductor Antonio J. Molina, the composer Felipe P. de Leon, known for his nationalistic themes and the opera singer Jovita Fuentes.Modern day Philippine music features several styles. Most music genres are contemporary such as Filipino rock, Filipino hip hop and other musical styles. Some are traditional such as Filipino folk music.Dancing EditMain article: Philippine DanceA Zamboangueño dance in Philippine Hispanic tradition.Philippine folk dances include the Tinikling and Cariñosa. In the southern region of Mindanao, Singkil is a popular dance showcasing the story of a prince and princess in the forest. Bamboo poles are arranged in a tic-tac-toe pattern in which the dancers exploit every position of these clashing poles.[10][11]Cinema and television EditMain article: Cinema of the PhilippinesThe advent of the cinema of the Philippines can be traced back to the early days of filmmaking in 1897 when a Spanish theater owner screened imported moving pictures.Mila del Sol starred in one of the earliest Filipino movies, Giliw Ko (1939), along with Fernando Poe, Sr..The formative years of Philippine cinema, starting from the 1930s, were a time of discovery of film as a new medium of expressing artworks. Scripts and characterizations in films came from popular theater shows and Philippine literature.In the 1940s, Philippine cinema brought the consciousness of reality in its film industry. Nationalistic films became popular, and movie themes consisting primarily of war and heroism and proved to be successful with Philippine audiences.The 1950s saw the first golden age of Philippine cinema,[12][13] with the emergence of more artistic and mature films, and significant improvement in cinematic techniques among filmmakers. The studio system produced frenetic activity in the Philippine film industry as many films were made annually and several local talents started to gain recognition abroad. Award-winning filmmakers and actors were first introduced during this period. As the decade drew to a close, the studio system monopoly came under siege as a result of labor-management conflicts. By the 1960s, the artistry established in the previous years was in decline. This era can be characterized by rampant commercialism in films.The 1970s and 1980s were considered turbulent years for the Philippine film industry, bringing both positive and negative changes. The films in this period dealt with more serious topics following the Martial law era. In addition, action, western, drama, adult and comedy films developed further in picture quality, sound and writing. The 1980s brought the arrival of alternative or independent cinema in the Philippines.The 1990s saw the emerging popularity of drama, teen-oriented romantic comedy, adult, comedy and action films.[13]The Philippines, being one of Asia's earliest film industry producers, remains undisputed in terms of the highest level of theater admission in Asia. Over the years, however, the Philippine film industry has registered a steady decline in movie viewership from 131 million in 1996 to 63 million in 2004.[14][15] From a high production rate of 350 films a year in the 1950s, and 200 films a year during the 1980s, the Philippine film industry production rate declined in 2006 to 2007.[14][15] The 21st century saw the rebirth of independent filmmaking through the use of digital technology and a number of films have once again earned nationwide recognition and prestige.
With the high rates of film production in the past, several movie artists have appeared in over 100+ roles in Philippine Cinema[16] and enjoyed great recognition from fans and moviegoers.
Architecture Edit
Main article: Architecture of the Philippines
Calle
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