Scale
Because of the stretching and shrinking that occurs in the
process of transforming the spherical or ellipsoidal earth
surface to a plane, the stated map scale (see chapter 2
for more information on scale) is true only at selected
points or along particular lines called points and lines
of tangency—we will talk about these more later in
this chapter. Everywhere else the scale of the flat map is
actually smaller or larger than the stated scale