rising temperatures in the well-mixed surface water in many temperate lakes, resulting in reduced periods of ice formation and earlier onset and increased duration and stability of the thermocline during summer, are projected to favor a shift in dominance to smaller phytoplankton and cyanobacteria especially in those ecosystems experiencing high anthropogenic loading of nutrients with impacts to water quality, food webs, and productivity. prolonged stratification and associated anaerobic conditions near the sediment-water interface can increase the internal loading of phosphorus, particularly in eutrophic lakes.