Winter exposure was twice that of summer exposure
across age-groups. Colder temperatures necessitate
daily space heating and villagers spend more time
indoors near biomass combustion and less time outside
doing agricultural work. Our results suggest that
interventions aimed at reducing winter exposure, such
as improvements in rural housing thermal performance
(i.e., improved insulation, more efficient windows or
roofs) (Yang et al., 2010), may be effective for reducing
total PM exposure in this population.