Industrial sector In this study, “

Industrial sector
In this study, “industry sector” as an energy consuming sector means primary and secondary industries. Output of those industries would increase to 68,456 billion Baht in 2030 or 3.7 greater than 2005. Without energy efficiency improvement or the 2030 BAU scenario, energy demand and CO 2 emissions would increase to 3.2 times from the base year 2005, respectively. In the 2030 CM scenario, energy efficiency improvement and fuel shifting in this sector could reduce CO 2 emissions by 85,863 kt-CO 2 , and account for 31.1% of CO 2 reduction in industry (see Fig. 7(c)).
To promote mitigation measures of industries, incentives to invest in energy efficiency improvement is essentially important. Taxes, subsidies and low interest loans will be central policies for this sector. Promotion of advanced technologies from abroad is also effective.
Transport sector
In the passenger transport sector, the transport demand would increase from 191,520 million passenger-km in 2005 to 216,088 million passenger-km in 2030 or 1.1 times greater than 2005 due to population growth (see Fig. 7(d)). This results in an increase in energy demand in passenger transport from 7548 ktoe in 2005 to 8516 ktoe in 2030. Currently, small vehicles and motorcycles are the main mode of mobility in Thailand. If modal share does not change, CO 2 emissions from passenger transportation would increase from 22,933 to 25,875 kt-CO 2 in 2030. However in the climate change mitigation measure scenario, energy efficiency improvement, travel demand management, fuel substitution, and modal shift can mitigate CO 2 emissions at around 58.6%.
In the freight transport sector, due to the growth of output of the manufacturing industries, freight transport demand would increase from 188,524 million ton-km in 2005 to 589,859 million ton-km in 2030, resulting in increasing energy demand in freight transport to 34,402 ktoe or 3.1 times greater than 2005 (see Fig. 7(e)). The freight transport demand in Thailand is much greater than the passenger transport demand because Thailand is the largest market of pick-up vehicles in Southeast Asia. In the climate change mitigation measure scenario, energy efficiency improvement, fuel substitution, and modal shift can mitigate CO 2 emissions at about 22.1%.