1. The Upstream/Downstream model, favored by
UNCTAD (2008, 2010) among others, which
sees classic cultural activities as the upstream
portion cascading downstream to market-driven
activities/industries like publishing and advertising
which promote, disseminate, amplify, and repurpose
the upstream content – in many ways a ‘less tidy’
variation of the Concentric Circles model.
2. The Systemic and Social Networks model which
views creative industries as evolving, dynamic
systems arising from and always embedded within
social networks and their many interactions. Deriving
from social network analysis, the emphasis is on flow
rates, density gradients within the network, and
the many cross linkages that form, dissolve, and
re-form over time.