the unified centralized socialist state
- the Soviets underestimated the degree to which the non-Russian ethnic groups in the country would resist assimilation into a Russianized State.
- The Soviet Union’s economic planning failed to meet the needs of the State, which was caught up in a vicious arms race with the United States. This led to gradual economic decline, eventually necessitating the need for reform.
- the ideology of Communism, which the Soviet Government worked to instill in the hearts and minds of its population, never took firm root, and eventually lost whatever influence it had originally carried.
leader-gorbochev; The soviet union's last leader.
- two-tiered policy of reform including a policy glasnost(freedom of speech) and a policy perestroika (rebuilding).
The nationalist movement
- The nationalist movements emerged in Georgia, Ukraine,Moldova,Byelorussia, and the central asian republics.
The failed coup attempt
impact
1. the fifteen newly reformed independent countries which emerged
- must develop their economics.
- reorganize their political systems.
- settle bitter territorial disputes.
2. a number of wars have develop on the peripheries of the former.
3. the entire region is suffering a period of severe economic hardship.
4. it lead to complete reformulation of political, economic and military alliances all over the globe.