Management control-system
1. REFORMULATED by:MUHAMMADU SATHIK RAJA
2. Is the process of evaluating, monitoring andcontrolling the various sub-units of theorganization so that there is effective andefficient allocation and utilization of resourcesin achieving the predetermined goals
3. Involvement of people Information about the actual state of the organization is compiled by people. It is compared by people. With the desired state decided by people. For significant difference, a course of action is recommended by people Action taken by people
4. The management decides the desired state or standards against which performance is compared. It decides what the organization plans to achieve in a given time framework which is known as Planning Process. Actual Performance is compared to Planned Performance in control, so planning and controlling are interlinked and are known as P&C systems
5. Planning activities of an organization Coordinating activities of an organization Communication information to different levels of the hierarchical structure Evaluating information and deciding the actions to be taken Influencing people to change their behavior.
6. A responsibility centre is an organisation unit that is headed by manager who is responsible for its activities. delegation of responsibility for specific to successive lower levels of organisation. motivation of the level of management to which a certain task has been delegated. measurement of the achievement of specified objectives.
7. The key consideration in determining the responsibility centre is ability to control cost or revenue determining the question of controllability evaluation of responsibility centre as per predetermined criteria
8. The responsibility centres may be classified as Revenue Centres Expense Centres (III) Profit Centres (IV) Investment Centres
9. In a revenue centre, output (I.e., revenue) is measured in monetary terms, but no formal attempt is made to relate input (I.e., expenses or cost) to output. The main focus of management’s efforts will be on revenue generated by it. The sales department is an example for a revenue centre. The effectiveness of the centre is not judged by how much sales revenue exceeds the cost of the centre. Sales budget are prepared for revenue centre and budgeted figures are compared with actual sales. Generally the costs are not related to output.
10. It is the lowest level of responsibility centre in an organization. Its manager is basically responsible for production of a product or service; his decision authority relates to how human resource, machinery and materials should be used to produce the product or service. Expense centre manager has no control over revenues, profits or investment. He has no control over marketing decisions or investment decisions. Total performance of an expense centre manager depends on how effectively and efficiently an expense centre is operated.
11. Effectiveness of an expense centre manager will depend on a host of non-financial parameters such as maintaining quality level of output, compliance with production schedules and targets, maintaining morale of the workers and so on. Normally, separate reporting systems are used to report effectiveness. Efficiency is judged in terms of financial performance. It is measured and reported by the responsibility accounting system. Evaluation of the financial performance of an expense centre manager is by comparing the actual expenses of the centre against the budgeted expenses.
12. A profit centre is an organizational unit responsible for both revenues and costs. Profit centre manager has no control over the investment in the centre’s assets. Managers are concerned with both the production and marketing of the products. Activities of the manager is much more broader than that of a revenue centre manager because of the responsibility to produce the product most efficiently. Profit centre’s performance measured in terms of profit. It enhances profit consciousness Example:division of a company that produces and markets different products.
13. An investment centre is responsible for the production, marketing and investment in the assets employed in the segment. An investment centre manager decides on aspects such as the credit policies, inventory policies, and within broad framework. Investment centre manager responsible for profit in relation to amounts invested in the division. Financial performance of the manager of the division is measured by comparing the actual with projected rate of return on investments of the centres
14. Audit is the activity of examination and verification of records and other evidence by an individual or a body of persons so as to confirm whether these records and evidence present a true and fair picture of whatever they are supposed to reflect. Audits are most commonly used in the accounting and finance functions
15. Audit category Brief description •Gives an opinion on the accuracy of the financialFinancial statementsstatement audit •Ensures compliance with the relevant accounting standards and reporting framework •An independent appraisal function established withinInternal audit an organization to examine and evaluate its activities as a service to the organization •Need not be limited to books of accounts and related records •Deters, detects, investigates, and reports fraudFraud auditing and •Forensic: related to the legal system, especiallyforensic audit issues of evidence •Audits operational aspects of the enterpriseOperational audit •Quality audit, R&D audit, etc
16. Audit category Brief description •Audit of computer systemsInformation •Checks whether the computer system safeguardssystems audit assets, maintains data integrity, and contributes to organizational effectiveness and efficiency •Audit of the management, as a tool for evaluationManagement audit and control of organizational performance •Examines the conditions and provides a diagnosis of deficiencies with recommendations for correcting them •Audit of the enterprises reported performance inSocial audit meeting its declared social , community, or environmental objectives •Environmental compliance audit: a checkingEnvironmental mechanismaudit •Environmental management audit: an evaluation mechanism
17. Staffing the audit team Creating an audit project plan Laying the ground work Conducting the audit Analyzing audit results Sharing audit results Writing audit reports Dealing with resistance to audit recommendations Building an ongoing audit program
18. Identify opportunities for improvement Identify outdated strategies Increase management’s ability to address concerns Enhance teamwork Reality check
19. In the rapidly changing world of business, considering only the financial measures of performance gives an incomplete picture of the overall organizational performance. It has become increasingly necessary for organizations to simultaneously look at non financial measures for this purpose. Concepts like JIT, TQM, and SIX SIGMA have brought out the growing importance of non financial measures for evaluating the organizations overall performance. A combination of financial and non financial measures gives a better picture of organizational performance. One concept which has received universal acclaim is the “Balance Scorecard” (BSC), proposed by Robert Kaplan and David Norton in 1992.
20. perspective Underlying questionCustomer perspective To achieve our vision, how should we appear to our customerFinancial perspective To succeed financially, how should we appear to our shareholdersInternal business To satisfy our customer and shareholders, at what businessperspective processes must we excel?Innovation/learning To achieve our vision, howgrowth perspective will we sustain our ability to change and improve?
21. If an organization emphasizes only short-term or financial goals, it will not be able to successfully execute its strategies and excel in the business. The balance scorecard serves as a tool for strategic performance control by clarifying the vision and strategy of the organization and articulating the top managements expectations
22. A transfer is referred to the movement of goods from a responsibility center to another, within the same company Different types of responsibility center, belonging to different organizational levels, are involved in the transfers
23. Many organizations set up business units that cater to the needs of other business units within their own fold. For example, one business unit may manufacture components that are used by another business unit to assemble the final product. Here , there is a transfer of goods from the first business to the second and the concept of transfer pricing comes into play.
24. Decentralization is one of the approaches that many large organizations use to attain operational effectiveness. However , the main challenges in operating in a decentralized manner lie in designing responsibility structures and formulating appropriate policies and methods to determine the performance of the responsibility centers. The technique of transfer pricing plays an important role in the smooth functioning of responsibility structures in such an organization
25. Goal congruence:- the divisional manager in maximizing the profits of his division, should not engage in decision-making that fails to optimize the organization’s performance. Performance appraisal :-it should aid in reliable and objective assessment of the value added activities by profit centers toward the organization as a whole Divisional autonomy:- each divisional manger should be free to satisfy the requirements of his profit center from internal or external sources. There should be no interference in the process by other divisions like buying centers and selling
ระบบควบคุมจัดการ1. มีโดย: MUHAMMADU SATHIK ราชา2. เป็นกระบวนการประเมิน การตรวจสอบ andcontrolling หน่วยย่อยต่าง ๆ ของ theorganization คือ andefficient มีผลบังคับใช้การปันส่วนและการใช้ resourcesin ในการบรรลุเป้าหมายกำหนดไว้3. มีส่วนร่วมของ people ข้อมูลเกี่ยวกับสถานะแท้จริงขององค์กรที่คอมไพล์ ด้วย people. ที่มีการเปรียบเทียบ โดย people. กับสภาพที่ต้องตัดสินใจ โดย people. สำหรับความแตกต่างอย่างมีนัยสำคัญ หลักสูตรการดำเนินการแนะนำ โดย people คนดำเนินการ4. การจัดการตัดสินใจสภาพที่ต้องการเงินประสิทธิภาพเป็น compared. ที่จะตัดสินใจอะไรองค์กรวางแผนเพื่อให้บรรลุในกรอบเวลาที่กำหนดซึ่งเป็นที่รู้จักเป็นวางแผน Process. ประสิทธิภาพจริงถูกเปรียบเทียบกับประสิทธิภาพการวางแผนในการควบคุม มาตรฐาน เพื่อวางแผน และควบคุมมี interlinked และเป็นระบบ P & C5. วางแผนกิจกรรมกิจกรรมการ Coordinating organization organization การสื่อสารข้อมูลระดับของ structure ลำดับประเมินข้อมูล และตัดสินใจดำเนินการ taken Influencing คนเปลี่ยนแปลงพฤติกรรมของพวกเขา6.ศูนย์ความรับผิดชอบเป็นหน่วยองค์กรที่โดยผู้จัดการที่รับผิดชอบการมอบหมายความรับผิดชอบเฉพาะต่อระดับล่างของ organisation. แรงจูงใจของระดับบริหารซึ่งงานบางอย่างได้รับ delegated. การวัดความสำเร็จของวัตถุประสงค์ที่ระบุ activities. ของ7. การพิจารณาที่สำคัญในการกำหนดความรับผิดชอบศูนย์ is ความสามารถในการควบคุมต้นทุนหรือ revenue ที่กำหนดคำถามการประเมิน controllability ของศูนย์ความรับผิดชอบตามเกณฑ์ที่กำหนดไว้8.ศูนย์ความรับผิดชอบอาจ as ลับศูนย์ลงทุนกำไร Centres (IV) ค่าใช้จ่ายรายได้ Centres Centres (III)9. ศูนย์รายได้ มีวัดผลผลิต (I.e. รายได้) เงื่อนไขเงิน แต่ไม่เป็นพยายามที่จะเชื่อมโยงสัญญาณเข้า (เช่น ค่าใช้จ่ายหรือต้นทุน) เป็นโฟกัสหลักของความพยายามของการจัดการรายได้จากแผนกขายเป็นตัวอย่างสำหรับ centre. รายได้ที่ประสิทธิผลของศูนย์จะไม่ตัดสิน โดยรายได้จากการขายจำนวนเกินเตรียมศูนย์รายได้ และงบประมาณต้นทุนงบประมาณการขาย centre. it. output. มีการเปรียบเทียบตัวเลขกับ sales. จริง โดยทั่วไปต้นทุนไม่เกี่ยวข้องกับผลผลิต10. เป็นระดับต่ำสุดของศูนย์ความรับผิดชอบในการ organization. ของผู้จัดการรับผิดชอบโดยทั่วไปสำหรับการผลิตสินค้าหรือบริการ อำนาจการตัดสินใจที่เกี่ยวข้องกับทรัพยากรมนุษย์วิธี เครื่องจักรและวัสดุควรจะใช้เพื่อผลิตผลิตภัณฑ์ หรือ service. ค่าใช้จ่ายศูนย์จัดการได้ไม่สามารถควบคุมรายได้ ผลกำไรหรือ investment. มาไม่ควบคุมการตัดสินใจทางการตลาดหรือการลงทุน decisions. รวมประสิทธิภาพของการจัดการศูนย์ค่าใช้จ่ายขึ้นอยู่กับวิธีได้อย่างมีประสิทธิภาพ และมีประสิทธิภาพเป็นศูนย์ค่าใช้จ่ายดำเนินการ11. Effectiveness of an expense centre manager will depend on a host of non-financial parameters such as maintaining quality level of output, compliance with production schedules and targets, maintaining morale of the workers and so on. Normally, separate reporting systems are used to report effectiveness. Efficiency is judged in terms of financial performance. It is measured and reported by the responsibility accounting system. Evaluation of the financial performance of an expense centre manager is by comparing the actual expenses of the centre against the budgeted expenses.12. A profit centre is an organizational unit responsible for both revenues and costs. Profit centre manager has no control over the investment in the centre’s assets. Managers are concerned with both the production and marketing of the products. Activities of the manager is much more broader than that of a revenue centre manager because of the responsibility to produce the product most efficiently. Profit centre’s performance measured in terms of profit. It enhances profit consciousness Example:division of a company that produces and markets different products.13. An investment centre is responsible for the production, marketing and investment in the assets employed in the segment. An investment centre manager decides on aspects such as the credit policies, inventory policies, and within broad framework. Investment centre manager responsible for profit in relation to amounts invested in the division. Financial performance of the manager of the division is measured by comparing the actual with projected rate of return on investments of the centres14. Audit is the activity of examination and verification of records and other evidence by an individual or a body of persons so as to confirm whether these records and evidence present a true and fair picture of whatever they are supposed to reflect. Audits are most commonly used in the accounting and finance functions15. Audit category Brief description •Gives an opinion on the accuracy of the financialFinancial statementsstatement audit •Ensures compliance with the relevant accounting standards and reporting framework •An independent appraisal function established withinInternal audit an organization to examine and evaluate its activities as a service to the organization •Need not be limited to books of accounts and related records •Deters, detects, investigates, and reports fraudFraud auditing and •Forensic: related to the legal system, especiallyforensic audit issues of evidence •Audits operational aspects of the enterpriseOperational audit •Quality audit, R&D audit, etc16. Audit category Brief description •Audit of computer systemsInformation •Checks whether the computer system safeguardssystems audit assets, maintains data integrity, and contributes to organizational effectiveness and efficiency •Audit of the management, as a tool for evaluationManagement audit and control of organizational performance •Examines the conditions and provides a diagnosis of deficiencies with recommendations for correcting them •Audit of the enterprises reported performance inSocial audit meeting its declared social , community, or environmental objectives •Environmental compliance audit: a checkingEnvironmental mechanismaudit •Environmental management audit: an evaluation mechanism17. Staffing the audit team Creating an audit project plan Laying the ground work Conducting the audit Analyzing audit results Sharing audit results Writing audit reports Dealing with resistance to audit recommendations Building an ongoing audit program18. Identify opportunities for improvement Identify outdated strategies Increase management’s ability to address concerns Enhance teamwork Reality check19. In the rapidly changing world of business, considering only the financial measures of performance gives an incomplete picture of the overall organizational performance. It has become increasingly necessary for organizations to simultaneously look at non financial measures for this purpose. Concepts like JIT, TQM, and SIX SIGMA have brought out the growing importance of non financial measures for evaluating the organizations overall performance. A combination of financial and non financial measures gives a better picture of organizational performance. One concept which has received universal acclaim is the “Balance Scorecard” (BSC), proposed by Robert Kaplan and David Norton in 1992.20. perspective Underlying questionCustomer perspective To achieve our vision, how should we appear to our customerFinancial perspective To succeed financially, how should we appear to our shareholdersInternal business To satisfy our customer and shareholders, at what businessperspective processes must we excel?Innovation/learning To achieve our vision, howgrowth perspective will we sustain our ability to change and improve?
21. If an organization emphasizes only short-term or financial goals, it will not be able to successfully execute its strategies and excel in the business. The balance scorecard serves as a tool for strategic performance control by clarifying the vision and strategy of the organization and articulating the top managements expectations
22. A transfer is referred to the movement of goods from a responsibility center to another, within the same company Different types of responsibility center, belonging to different organizational levels, are involved in the transfers
23. Many organizations set up business units that cater to the needs of other business units within their own fold. For example, one business unit may manufacture components that are used by another business unit to assemble the final product. Here , there is a transfer of goods from the first business to the second and the concept of transfer pricing comes into play.
24. Decentralization is one of the approaches that many large organizations use to attain operational effectiveness. However , the main challenges in operating in a decentralized manner lie in designing responsibility structures and formulating appropriate policies and methods to determine the performance of the responsibility centers. The technique of transfer pricing plays an important role in the smooth functioning of responsibility structures in such an organization
25. Goal congruence:- the divisional manager in maximizing the profits of his division, should not engage in decision-making that fails to optimize the organization’s performance. Performance appraisal :-it should aid in reliable and objective assessment of the value added activities by profit centers toward the organization as a whole Divisional autonomy:- each divisional manger should be free to satisfy the requirements of his profit center from internal or external sources. There should be no interference in the process by other divisions like buying centers and selling
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