Limitations and Future Directions
Although the promising results of our studies have practical implications,
i.e. for teaching and training of leadership communication in organizations and
education, we have to mention some limitations and suggest issues that should
be addressed by future research. First of all, we assessed reliability via internal
consistency estimates (i.e., Cronbach’s α). Future research should also take
other reliability estimates into account (e.g., test–retest and inter-rater reliability)
or determine reliability via latent state–trait analysis (Steyer, Schmitt, & Eid,
1999). Second, larger sample sizes are needed for assessing measurement invariance
(cf. Vandenberg & Lance, 2000) of the PLCQ-SR and PLCQ-OR across
different leaders or organizations.