4. Case
To illustrate the theoretical point of departure and methodologies described above, a case is reported in the following. The case involves the heating of 24 per cent of the Danish building stock, which is now being heated by individual boilers fuelled by oil, natural gas or biomass, and which is located relatively close to existing district heating areas. The case concerns the replacement of such boilers by district heating in urban areas in combination with individual heat pumps in the remaining buildings during a period of 10 years.
As carefully analysed and explained in Refs. [34,35], such an investment programme is considered to be an essential part of the transformation of the Danish energy supply into a future sustain- able energy system without fossil fuels. At present, the share of renewable energy in Denmark is reaching almost 20 per cent. From such point of departure [34], define a scenario framework in which the Danish system is converted to a system based 100 per cent on renewable energy sources (RES) by the year 2060, including reductions in space heating demands by 75 per cent. By the use of a detailed energy system analysis of the complete national energy system, the consequences in relation to fuel demand, CO2 emissions, and cost are calculated for various heating options, including
district heating as well as individual heat pumps and micro-CHPs
(Combined Heat and Powers). The study includes the above-
mentioned 24 per cent of the Danish building stock, namely those buildings which have individual gas or oil boilers today that could be substituted by district heating or a more efficient individual heat source. In such overall perspective, the study [34] concludes that the best solution will be to combine a gradual expansion of district heating with individual heat pumps in the remaining houses. Such conclusion is valid in the present systems, which are mainly based on fossil fuels, as well as in a potential future system based 100 per cent on renewable energy.
4. CaseTo illustrate the theoretical point of departure and methodologies described above, a case is reported in the following. The case involves the heating of 24 per cent of the Danish building stock, which is now being heated by individual boilers fuelled by oil, natural gas or biomass, and which is located relatively close to existing district heating areas. The case concerns the replacement of such boilers by district heating in urban areas in combination with individual heat pumps in the remaining buildings during a period of 10 years.As carefully analysed and explained in Refs. [34,35], such an investment programme is considered to be an essential part of the transformation of the Danish energy supply into a future sustain- able energy system without fossil fuels. At present, the share of renewable energy in Denmark is reaching almost 20 per cent. From such point of departure [34], define a scenario framework in which the Danish system is converted to a system based 100 per cent on renewable energy sources (RES) by the year 2060, including reductions in space heating demands by 75 per cent. By the use of a detailed energy system analysis of the complete national energy system, the consequences in relation to fuel demand, CO2 emissions, and cost are calculated for various heating options, includingdistrict heating as well as individual heat pumps and micro-CHPs(Combined Heat and Powers). The study includes the above- mentioned 24 per cent of the Danish building stock, namely those buildings which have individual gas or oil boilers today that could be substituted by district heating or a more efficient individual heat source. In such overall perspective, the study [34] concludes that the best solution will be to combine a gradual expansion of district heating with individual heat pumps in the remaining houses. Such conclusion is valid in the present systems, which are mainly based on fossil fuels, as well as in a potential future system based 100 per cent on renewable energy.
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