Instruments: Seven research instruments were used, including the: Demographic Data Questionnaire; Personal Information Questionnaire; Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale; Attitude toward Smoking Questionnaire; Parental Attachment Scale; School Attachment Scale; and, Current Smoking Stage Questionnaire. With the exception of the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale,all instruments were developed, by the primary investigator, based upon a literature review and data from four focus group discussions. The focus group discussions were held, in two schools, with 32 male students, 12 to 15 years of age. One school was located in an urban area. The other was in a peri-urban area. Two focus group discussions were held in each of the two schools. One focus group was comprised of students from the educational levels of L1 and L2, while the second group consisted of students from the L3 level. Each focus group consisted of eight students.