Introduction
Trade-offs arise when the ability of an organism to perform
in one ecological context comes at the expense of
abilities in other situations (Lubchenco 1980). One of the
most important trade-offs faced by foraging animals involves
acquiring resources versus avoiding predators
(e.g. Werner 1992; Werner and Anholt 1993). Predator
avoidance decreases mortality rates but often involves
spatial and temporal restriction of foraging activity,
thereby imposing substantial decrements to future
growth and reproductive investment (Mittelbach 1981;
Werner et al. 1983; Gilliam and Fraser 1987; Sih 1987;
Kohler and McPeek 1989).