Data are expressed as mean values (n = 4 for processed milk and n = 5 for control milk) and standard error of the mean (SEM) of the numbers of determinations carried out. To compare the differences in the volatile profile of human milk after processing, statistical significance (p < 0.05) was calculated by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by post hoc Tukey's test. All these statistical treatments were performed using the SPSS program for Windows, version 17.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL).