In many cases, goals are established by certification or licensure tests and requirements. The learners may well be aware of the licensure or certification requirements prior to beginning the training program. Even in this case, it is still important for learners to develop a sense of ownership of the learning goals. One way to accomplish this is to have the learners observe people on the job (job shadowing), which may help them recognize the skills and knowledge applied in everyday situations. Appreciation of the skills required to do a job helps learners see the value of the learning goals, objectives, and activities designed to meet the goals.