.Once again transgenics with DAFP in the apoplast froze at a lower tem-
perature (mean temperature of −5.1 ◦ C), which was significantly
lower (p ≤ 0.05) than the wild-type which froze at −4.2 ◦ C. In these
plants, freezing began in the leaves or stems, probably initiated by
the surface bacteria.