The observation protocols considered were divided into two categories: open-ended or structured. When observers use open-ended protocols, they typically attend class, make notes, and respond to such statements as: “Comment on student involvement and interaction with the instructor” (Millis, 1992). Although responses to these types of questions can provide useful feedback to observers and instructors, the data are observer dependent and cannot easily be standardized or compared across multiple classrooms (e.g., all STEM courses at UBC or UMaine).