hardware over time while engaging also in more digital networking—raising “domestic
ICT productivity”—one might assume that internet-based value-added of private households
in many countries could still rise and one cannot rule out that even up to 20 % of
user time of households in some countries is hidden digital value-added. If cities offer free
WIFI (as is happening in some countries) this might be considered to be stimulating the
expansion of ICT networks, however, it could also be an incentive for students and
pupils to learn faster and thereby become more productive in the use of the existing
regional or local ICT capital stock.