the migration ability of cancer cells was impaired by
GA (20μM) intervention compared to the untreated
control cells. Additionally, a Matrigel invasion assay was
conducted to investigate the effect of GA on the invasion
ability of cancer cells. Consistently, a significantly
decreased invasion was observed in Panc-1, BxPC-3, and
HepG2 cells treated with GA at a concentration of 20μM
as compared with untreated control cells in each group
(Figure 3B). These findings suggest that GA inhibits the
migration and invasion capacities of cancer cells in vitro.