Empty containers
Containers are intended to be used constantly, being loaded with new cargo for a new destination soon after having been emptied of previous cargo. This is not always possible, and in some cases, the cost of transporting an empty container to a place where it can be used is considered to be higher than the worth of the used container. Shipping lines and container leasing companies have become expert at repositioning empty containers from areas of low or no demand, such as the US West Coast, to areas of high demand, such as China. Repositioning within the port hinterland has also been the focus of recent logistics optimization work. However, damaged or retired containers may also be recycled in the form of shipping container architecture, or the steel content salvaged. In the summer of 2010, a worldwide shortage of containers developed as shipping increased after the recession, while new container production had largely ceased. A major component of a shipping company's total operating cost. Due to the imbalance of the international trading. In light of the above, it is necessary to have an efficient policy to manage the movement of forecast demand (including laden containers and empty containers) in order to maximize the total profit in a specific planning horizon, and at the same time, to make best use of the existing facilities.