Table 1
Elemental analysis of raw (15% of moisture) and torrefied biomass (HHV higher heating value).
Biomass sample Torrefaction temperature, C Torrefaction time, h Loss weight, % HHV, MJ/kg Elemental analysis, %
C H N
Raw 17.6 44.4 6.7 0.14
Torrefied 230 0.5 20.5 20.9 52.4 6.0 0.18
1.0 23.8 21.3 53.6 5.7 0.18
1.5 29.0 21.7 55.0 5.3 0.19
Torrefied 260 0.5 31.3 22.3 56.1 5.5 0.19
1.0 35.9 22.9 57.9 5.2 0.20
1.5 41.4 23.6 59.8 5.0 0.17
Torrefied 290 0.5 47.4 25.0 62.6 5.2 0.21
1.0 56.8 27.1 68.8 4.4 0.25
1.5 58.8 27.1 70.5 3.7 0.38