Participants
A group of 60 self-selecting adult students (30 male, 30 female) participated in the study. These participants were recruited through a university website advertising an auditory memory study to learn foreign language phrases. Their ages ranged from 18 to 29 years, with a mean age of 21.7 years. The 60 participants were randomly assigned to the three learning conditions, which were matched for gender (ten males and ten females in each group).1 Analyses of variance (ANOVAs) revealed no significant differences between the three groups in age, mood, phonological working memory, language learning experience, language learning aptitude, musical experience, or musical ability (see Table 1).