METHODS
Data
Our data were obtained from the National Organizations Survey (NOS),
a special module of the General Social Survey (GSS), which was conducted
in 1991 with support from the National Science Foundation. The NOS "sur-
veyed a representative sample of U.S. work establishments about their struc-
ture, context, and personnel practices" (Kalleberg, Knoke, Marsden, &
Spaeth, 1994: 860). By design, the NOS is based on a national probability
sample of establishments and organizations in the United States. The sample
frame was identified from information provided by respondents to the 1991
GSS on the organizations for which they worked. As the GSS is a national
equiprobability sample, this method produces a sampling frame in which
the probability that an organization is included in the sample is proportionate
to the number of people it employs (Spaeth & O'Rourke, 199