The electrochemical behaviors were measured via CR2025 coin-type cells assembled in a dry argon-filled glove box. The test cell consisted of working electrode (about 1.2–1.5 mg cm-2) and lithium sheet which were separated by a Celgard 2300 membrane and electrolyte of 1 M LiPF6 in EC: EMC: DMC (1:1:1 in volume). The working electrode consisted of 80 wt.% active material, 10 wt.% acetylene black, and 10 wt.% polymer binder (Carboxymethylcel- lulose, Na-CMC). The electrodes were dried at 80 C overnight in a vacuum. These electrochemical properties are all calculated based on the overall mass of the active material. The cells were cycled by LAND2001A at room temperature. Cyclic voltammetry curves (CVs) were tested on a CHI660D Electrochemical Workstation with a scan rate of 0.5 mV s-1. Electrochemical impedance measure-ments were carried out by applying an ac voltage of 5 mV over the frequency from 1 mHz to 100 kHz.