At the same time, without the relatively straightforward conceptual apparatus of the standard account, we need to formulate the concept of democratic representation with a rigor sufficient to identify and assess what has become a rich domain of representative relationships—a concern that increasingly drives the new literature (see, e.g., Williams 1998; Mansbridge 2003; Rehfeld 2006; Rubenstein 2007; D. Castiglione, A. Rehfeld, M.E.Warren, et al., unpublished manuscript).