In the multilevel analyses, we find that enforced compulsory voting is a significant negative predictor of both the country-level intercepts and the country-level slopes on the voting variable. These are two different effects. The former indicates that average national happiness-after controlling for individual-level characteristics-is lower in countries with enforced compulsory voting. The latter indicates that in countries with enforced compulsory voting, any positive relationship between voting and happiness is attenuated and perhaps becomes negative. (Here, we again find different results from different surveys: compulsory voting is associated with a much larger variation in slopes in the Latinobarometro data, as opposed to the LAPOP data. ) Evidence from a quasi-experimental set-up support the idea that enforced compulsory voting contributes to lower levels of life satisfaction.