To date there has been limited research on the consequences of fraudulent acts and the nature of
remedial actions taken by individuals and organizations that have been penalized for fraud.
Research in this area could enhance our understanding of the impact of penalties (e.g.,
incarceration) on fraudsters and could also help in developing more effective penalties and remedial
actions that could deter corporations and individuals from committing fraud in the future. The role
of recidivism (repeat offenses by the perpetrator) with regard to fraud and financial crimes is also
unexplored.