The study demonstrates that EMAS was mainly implemented
via a participatory approach, whereas ISO 14001 was implemented
almost equally by a participatory, a top-down and a mix of both
approaches (Fig. 4). These results align with the specific characteristics
of each EMS: ISO 14001 is considered to be more flexible
than EMAS, and therefore any of the approaches can be appropriate.
EMAS, instead, includes as a requisite the involvement of the
community (in enterprises, the employees; in a university context,
students and staff).
As underlined in the literature, campus sustainability should
follow an integrative approach (Alshuwaikait and Abubakar, 2008)
that is based on three pillars, which are the implementation of an
EMS, public participation and sustainability teaching. The high
number of certified EMS and the relatively high degree of participation
of universities in this study can be seen as a reflection of this
integrated approach. However, only 11 universities indicated to
have linked the campus EMS to the curriculum related activities
(Fig. 5). This does not necessarily mean that the universities do not
have further curricular activities related to sustainable development,
but taking into account the literature on this topic (Lidgren
et al., 2006; Lozano, 2010), it can be concluded that there is still
a lot of potential to revise and to green the curriculum.
Even though those universities with the highest degree of
participation mainly employed EMAS (Fig. 6) and a moderate
relation between the degree of participation and the EMS type
could be observed, it is not exclusively the EMS type itself that
determines a good participatory performance. It is up to universities
to shape the implementation process, but an integrative
approach appears to make up grade best with the university’s
twofold mission regarding sustainable development stated in the
The study demonstrates that EMAS was mainly implementedvia a participatory approach, whereas ISO 14001 was implementedalmost equally by a participatory, a top-down and a mix of bothapproaches (Fig. 4). These results align with the specific characteristicsof each EMS: ISO 14001 is considered to be more flexiblethan EMAS, and therefore any of the approaches can be appropriate.EMAS, instead, includes as a requisite the involvement of thecommunity (in enterprises, the employees; in a university context,students and staff).As underlined in the literature, campus sustainability shouldfollow an integrative approach (Alshuwaikait and Abubakar, 2008)that is based on three pillars, which are the implementation of anEMS, public participation and sustainability teaching. The highnumber of certified EMS and the relatively high degree of participationof universities in this study can be seen as a reflection of thisintegrated approach. However, only 11 universities indicated tohave linked the campus EMS to the curriculum related activities(Fig. 5). This does not necessarily mean that the universities do nothave further curricular activities related to sustainable development,but taking into account the literature on this topic (Lidgrenet al., 2006; Lozano, 2010), it can be concluded that there is stilla lot of potential to revise and to green the curriculum.Even though those universities with the highest degree ofparticipation mainly employed EMAS (Fig. 6) and a moderaterelation between the degree of participation and the EMS typecould be observed, it is not exclusively the EMS type itself thatdetermines a good participatory performance. It is up to universitiesto shape the implementation process, but an integrativeapproach appears to make up grade best with the university’stwofold mission regarding sustainable development stated in the
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