The hypothalamus strongly influences many functions including autonomics, endocrine functions and behaviors. Autonomic functions are controlled via projections to the brain stem and spinal cord. There are localized areas in the hypothalamus that will activate the sympathetic nervous system and some that will increase parasympathetic activity. Endocrine functions are controlled either by direct axonal connections to the posterior pituitary gland (vasopressin and oxytocin control) or via release of releasing factors into the hypothalamic-hypophyseal portal system (to influence anterior pituitary function). There are also projections to the reticular formation that are involved in certain behaviors, particularly emotional reactions.