There are two main approaches to the concept of
IA effectiveness. According to the first approach, the
effectiveness of internal auditing is determined by the
fit between the audit and some set of universal standards
extrapolated from the characteristics of IA (White 1976).
Such an approach was presented by Sawyer (1988),
who advanced five standards for internal auditing:
interdependence, professional proficiency, the scope of
work, the performance of the audit and management of
the internal audit department. This approach was also
followed by Anderson (1983) and Glazer and Jaenike
(1980).