any studies across all winemaking areas have established the yeast succession of Hanseniaspora to Saccharomyces during spontaneous fermentation of grape juice. However, other yeast species that belong to other genera have occasionally been found, such as those of Metschnikowia, Candida, Torulaspora, Lachancea/Kluyveromyces and Zygosaccharomyces 1, 2•• and 3. Therefore, wine fermentation is a complex microbial process, where the physicochemical conditions and microbial interactions influence the growth and metabolism of the microorganisms involved.