More recently, the rapid development of web technologies has also triggered the emergence
of a new concept called ‘cloud computing (Weber 2010)’. Under cloud computing, ICT
systems can be hosted by a third party and user companies just ‘plug in and play’. Offering
greater flexibility, cloud computing also enables not only large companies but also small and
medium sized companies to use the system. Parallel to this is the ever increasing use of
wireless communication technologies (such as smart mobile phones, QR code, RFID and
telematics tracking). As computing power is increasing exponentially and smart devices are
getting smaller, more affordable and capable, this will allow people, as well as devices, to be
connected anywhere at any time. Such ubiquitous connectivity and network services enable
real time and extended visibility across supply chains which is critical for dealing with rising
uncertainty and complexity in a multimodal environment.