Second, this study quantified flows of backyard chicken trade. The study made it possible to distinguish the role of TSs
and HTs from those of TTs in poultry movements and to discuss their potential role for the spread of avian influenza
viruses. In the present study, we found that TSs and HTs collect chickens within a 4.4-km radius. The extent of TSs
and HTs’ collection zone is constrained by the fact that they have limited financial resources and travel using motorcycles.
Our finding is thus consistent with studies carried out in Thailand (Poolkhet et al., 2012), indicating that traders conducted
business only near their villages and in Vietnam (Soares Magalhães et al., 2010) where it was found that traders
using motorcycles transported chickens on a short distance. Here, TSs and HTs visited a considerable number of villages
in a short time span, transporting animals from one village to
another.