the past participle
in English this form of the verb, together with auxiliary have, gives the perfect aspect. some examples (with the past participles in bold) are: have you eaten the cake?; kim has had flu. there are many irregularities in the form of English past participles: some verbs have distinct past participle forms, such as eaten, know, forgotten; regular verbs, though, have past participles identical to their past tense, such as worked, left, decided. distribution tests to distinguish between the past tense and a past participle are shown in (15):