In conclusion, formoterol and ipratropium bromide protect the
lungs against the airway obstruction induced by repeated cadmium
inhalation. High concentration of formoterol exhibits an inhibition on
the neutrophil number and MMP-9 activity as well as on airspace
enlargement, while ipratropium has no anti-inflammatory effect. The
combination of inefficient concentrations of ipratropium and formoterol
exhibits a synergistic effect on these parameters. No
desensitization of β2-receptors and muscarinic receptors involved in
airway smooth muscle contraction and in the inflammatory process
occurs during this experimental course. Although it was a preclinical
study, the results could provide evidence for further investigation of
new therapeutic targets for currently used bronchodilators.