For many decades, it was assumed that hydrocarbons undergo biodegradation only in the presence of molecular oxygen. However, in 1988 Evans and Fuchs [50] published a review paper on the anaerobic degradation of aromatic compounds, and Aeckersberg et al. (1991) [52] reported on a sulphate-reducing bacterium able to anaerobically mineralize hexadecane. Since that time, a great deal of work has been done on the anaerobic degradation of aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons. It has been demonstrated that anaerobic hydrocarbon degradation is not uncommon in nature although, in most cases it is considerably slower than aerobic degradation. Denitrifying, sulfate-reducing, and iron (III)-reducing strains collected at different sites (terrestrial, aquifers, fresh-water and marine systems) are able to anaerobically metabolize hydrocarbons. The same has been demonstrated for the phototrophic bacterium Blastochloris sulfoviridis strain ToP1, which uses light as an energy source [53]. Even methanogenic consortia have been shown to degrade hydrocarbons [54, 55]. The metabolic routes of alkane degradation seem to function differently and are not completely understood yet. Several authors have discussed a terminal or sub terminal addition of a one-carbon moiety or a fumarate molecule to the alkane as an activation mechanism [56, 57] (Figure 6). For aromatic molecules, it has been demonstrated that alkyl benzenes which have a methyl group as a side chain undergo an enzymes addition of fumarate, most likely via a radical mechanism. This was demonstrated for toluene. Alkyl benzenes with side chains of two or more carbon atoms are activated by dehydrogenation of the side chain.