Lean concepts, though born in the manufacturing industry, have since made their way to the construction industry.
In a broad sense, lean concepts aim at minimizing waste and maximizing value which can be related to cost, quality,
and time. These aims are in-line with sustainable construction processes which target reducing the waste (e.g.
resource consumption and emissions) in construction activities. As such, lean should not be viewed as a set of tools
and techniques, but rather an approach and conceptual framework that can be catered to suit the needs of the process
under study. Implementing lean concepts in the building construction sector has been proven challenging due to the
uniqueness of each project. In infrastructure projects, such as pavements and bridges, the application of lean
concepts is at its infancy stages and thus is still not well assessed and researched. The focus of this study is to
investigate the implementation of lean concepts in pavement construction, specifically in the quality
assurance/quality control (QA/QC) process. The ultimate objective is to come up with conclusions on how to
maximize the value of pavements as dictated by their performance, while minimizing wastes due to inefficient