This study proposes an adaptation of the TRA/TPB that consists of perceived aesthetic
and perceived usability along with related factors. From the TPB, this study takes
behavior, and behavioral control, whereas from the TRA, it takes behavioral intentions,
attitude, and predictions of behavior. The modified TRA was considered due to the fact
that smartphones are both technology-driven and user-oriented. The proposed model
is well-suited to reflect the nature of smartphones, as it embodies the tendency of
smartphones to become more intelligent, usable, interactive, and visual with time. All of
the key model drivers are defined and explained, and their relationships with the
acceptance of smartphones are examined. Given the wide applicability of the TRA in
emerging technologies (Shih and Fang, 2004), it is expected that the general causalities
found in the TRA would also be applicable to smartphones. In particular, the
relationship between attitude and intention has been widely confirmed (Shin, 2009):