Treatment of epilepsy often imposes an exposure to various antiepileptic drugs and requires long-term commitment and
compliance from the patient. Although many new medications are now available for the treatment of epilepsy, approximately
30% of epilepsy patients still experience recurrent seizures and many experience undesirable side effects. Treatment of epilepsy
requires a multidisciplinary approach. For those patients with medically refractory seizures, surgical treatment has increased
in prevalence as techniques and devices improve. With increased utilization, proper patient selection has become crucial in
evaluating appropriateness of surgical intervention. Epilepsy syndromes in which surgery has shown to be effective include mesial
temporal sclerosis, cortical dysplasia, many pediatric epilepsy syndromes, and vascular malformations.Monitoring in an epilepsy
monitoring unit with continuous scalp or intracranial EEG is an important step in localization of seizure focus. MRI is the
standard imaging technique for evaluation of anatomy. However, other imaging studies including SPECT and PET have become
more widespread, often offering increased diagnostic value in select situations. In addition, as an alternative or adjunct to surgical
resection, implantable devices such as vagus nerve stimulators, deep brain stimulators, and direct brain stimulators could be useful
in seizure treatment.