2.3 Psychological Well-Being
Psychological well-being is about living a good life. Arnold et al. (2007) defined it as a combination of feeling good and functioning effectively. Berkman (1971a) defined psychological well-being in terms of the overall effectiveness of an individual’s psychological functioning. Parasuraman et al. (1996) mentioned that to achieve long-term well-being, the individual must be able to manage his or her negative or painful emotions. However, when these negative emotions are extreme, long lasting, and interfere with a person’s ability to function in his or her daily life, psychological well-being will decline. Feeling good dose not only relate to positive emotions of happiness and contentment, but also pertains to such emotions as interest, engagement, confidence, and affection, On the other hand, effective functioning involves the development of one’s potential, having control over one’s life, having a sense of purpose such as working toward value goals, and experiencing positive relationships (Pelfrene et al., 2002).