emotional characteristic depending on respective CMF element
was calculated as shown in Table 6. The results illustrate that the
average standard error for hue was highest, followed by gloss,
texture, and saturation, respectively. The size of the standard error
indicates how much each CMF element influences emotional
characteristics, where the influence becomes greater with a higher
standard error. In this study, it was observed that hue played the
most powerful role in determining the emotional characteristics of
white products, whereas saturation played the smallest role. The
influences of gloss and texture were relatively similar, and were
both greater than saturation but smaller than hue.