Definition: The discussion section of a research report restates the hypothesis, summarizes the results, and then presents a discussion of the interpretation, implications, and possible applications of the results.
References
Beginning on a new page, with the centered title, references, the reference section provides complete information about each item cited in the manuscript. Notice that there is a precise one-to-one relationship between the items listed in the references and the items cited in the paper. Each item cited must appear in the references, and each item in the references must have been cited in the body of the report. The references are listed alphabetically by the last name of the first author. One-author entries precede multiple-author entries beginning with the same first author. References with the same author or authors in the same order are listed chronologically from oldest to most recent publication date. Figure 16.7 shows the first page of the reference section of an APA-style manuscript. The complete reference section and the rest of the manuscript are in Appendix D.
Definition: The reference section of a research report is a listing of complete references for all sources of information cited in the report, organized alphabetically by the last name of the first author.
Tables and Figures
The final sections of the manuscript present any tables and figures used to illustrate points or present results. As a general rule, tables and figures supplement the text; they should not duplicate information that has already been presented in text form, and they should not be completely independent of the text. Instead, any table or figure should be mentioned in the text by number, and the text should point out some of the more important aspects of the figure or table.
Tables, formatted according to APA specifications, are each typed separately on a new page. The table number and title, respectively, are displayed the top of the page, each at the left margin. The title or header for the table should describe what information is included in the table. The title is printed in italics. Three types of notes may appear below the table and are used to provide further explanation for elements of the table. General notes refer to the entire table and begin with Note (italic and followed by a period). Specific notes refer to items in the table that have been identified with superscript, lowercase letters (for example, a, b) and each note begins with the corresponding letter (superscript and lowercase). Probability notes identify the level of significance for statistics reported in the table that have been identified with one or more asterisks (for example, *p < .05, **p < .01). tables may be printed either single- or double-spaced, to enhance readability.
The figures are included next, prepared according to APA specifications, each on a new page, as final artwork or photographs. A figure number and caption is placed directly below the figure. The caption is a concise explanation of the figure and serves as the figure title. The word figure and the number appears at the left margin in italics. Only the “F” in Figure is capitalized, and the figure number is followed by a period. The figure caption immediately follows on the same line.
Appendix
An appendix may be included as a means of presenting detailed information that is useful but would interrupt the flow of text if it were presented in the body of the paper. Examples of items that might be presented in an appendix are a copy of a questionnaire, a computer program, a detailed description of an unusual or complex piece of equipment, and detailed instructions to participants. Appendices each start on a new page with the centered title, appendix, and are identified by consecutive letters (A, B, C, and so on) if there is more than one (for example, Appendix A).
Table 16.3 lists, in order, the parts of a complete research report. For each part, we have identified the APA formatting issues to be considered, in a checklist format.
Conference Presentations: Papers and Posters
Thus far our discussion has focused on preparing a written research report for future publication in a scientific journal. An alternative way to prepare a research report, and hence make your research available to the rest of the scientific community, is to present it as a paper or poster at a professional conference. Typically, this kind of research report consists of two phases: first, a written summary or abstract is submitted to the conference organizers for approval, and second, the actual oral presentation or poster is made.
Typically a paper presentation at a conference is a 1-hour session during which several researchers each present their research in a related area. An oral presentation at a conference does not simply mean that you read aloud your written research report. Instead, you simplify your research to present orally to an audience, avoiding picky details. This typically includes preparing a PowerPoint presentation with slides that provide information on each of the elements of an APA-style research report, including: an introduction to your topic area, purpose or rationale for the study, and hypothesis, methodology, results, and conclusions. For an oral presentation you are given a strict time limit (commonly between 10 and 20 minutes). You should practice your presentation, with your slides, until you are comfortable sticking to that time limit. You should prepare a summary of your presentation and bring copies of this summary for distribution to those who are interested.
Typically a poster session at a conference is a large room filled with rows of bulletin boards, where individual researchers are given space to display their research for an hour or two. Each researcher stands by his or her poster as attendees walk by to look and ask questions. Although poster presentation are very common at conference, the Publication Manual provides no guidelines for their preparation. Therefore, there are big differences from one to another. When a poster is accepted for presentation, you receive some guidelines from the organization for preparation. In addition, Szuchman (2011) provides some helpful hints for preparing posters. All posters should be easy to read at a distance of approximately 3 feet. For example, test should be no smaller than 24 points, with headings and poster title being even larger, and a font that is easy to read, such as Arial or Times New Roman. Your poster should be laid out in an organized, logical way, with as few words as possible, so that a reader can figure out the rationale of your study, based on a very brief introduction, the purpose or hypothesis of your study, the method, the results and the conclusions, within 1 to 2 minutes. Use bulleted lists, tables, and graphs. Mounting each page of your poster on a colored board backing or sparingly using colored text for titles and headings is common, as is having professionally produced glossy vinyl posters that can simply be unrolled. For a poster you are given a strict space limit (commonly 4 feet high by 6 feet wide). You should ensure that you keep your poster within the space limitation for the conference. You should also bring pushpins for mounting your poster, as well as copies of a summary of your poster for distribution to those who are interested.
Definition: The discussion section of a research report restates the hypothesis, summarizes the results, and then presents a discussion of the interpretation, implications, and possible applications of the results.
References
Beginning on a new page, with the centered title, references, the reference section provides complete information about each item cited in the manuscript. Notice that there is a precise one-to-one relationship between the items listed in the references and the items cited in the paper. Each item cited must appear in the references, and each item in the references must have been cited in the body of the report. The references are listed alphabetically by the last name of the first author. One-author entries precede multiple-author entries beginning with the same first author. References with the same author or authors in the same order are listed chronologically from oldest to most recent publication date. Figure 16.7 shows the first page of the reference section of an APA-style manuscript. The complete reference section and the rest of the manuscript are in Appendix D.
Definition: The reference section of a research report is a listing of complete references for all sources of information cited in the report, organized alphabetically by the last name of the first author.
Tables and Figures
The final sections of the manuscript present any tables and figures used to illustrate points or present results. As a general rule, tables and figures supplement the text; they should not duplicate information that has already been presented in text form, and they should not be completely independent of the text. Instead, any table or figure should be mentioned in the text by number, and the text should point out some of the more important aspects of the figure or table.
Tables, formatted according to APA specifications, are each typed separately on a new page. The table number and title, respectively, are displayed the top of the page, each at the left margin. The title or header for the table should describe what information is included in the table. The title is printed in italics. Three types of notes may appear below the table and are used to provide further explanation for elements of the table. General notes refer to the entire table and begin with Note (italic and followed by a period). Specific notes refer to items in the table that have been identified with superscript, lowercase letters (for example, a, b) and each note begins with the corresponding letter (superscript and lowercase). Probability notes identify the level of significance for statistics reported in the table that have been identified with one or more asterisks (for example, *p < .05, **p < .01). tables may be printed either single- or double-spaced, to enhance readability.
The figures are included next, prepared according to APA specifications, each on a new page, as final artwork or photographs. A figure number and caption is placed directly below the figure. The caption is a concise explanation of the figure and serves as the figure title. The word figure and the number appears at the left margin in italics. Only the “F” in Figure is capitalized, and the figure number is followed by a period. The figure caption immediately follows on the same line.
Appendix
An appendix may be included as a means of presenting detailed information that is useful but would interrupt the flow of text if it were presented in the body of the paper. Examples of items that might be presented in an appendix are a copy of a questionnaire, a computer program, a detailed description of an unusual or complex piece of equipment, and detailed instructions to participants. Appendices each start on a new page with the centered title, appendix, and are identified by consecutive letters (A, B, C, and so on) if there is more than one (for example, Appendix A).
Table 16.3 lists, in order, the parts of a complete research report. For each part, we have identified the APA formatting issues to be considered, in a checklist format.
Conference Presentations: Papers and Posters
Thus far our discussion has focused on preparing a written research report for future publication in a scientific journal. An alternative way to prepare a research report, and hence make your research available to the rest of the scientific community, is to present it as a paper or poster at a professional conference. Typically, this kind of research report consists of two phases: first, a written summary or abstract is submitted to the conference organizers for approval, and second, the actual oral presentation or poster is made.
Typically a paper presentation at a conference is a 1-hour session during which several researchers each present their research in a related area. An oral presentation at a conference does not simply mean that you read aloud your written research report. Instead, you simplify your research to present orally to an audience, avoiding picky details. This typically includes preparing a PowerPoint presentation with slides that provide information on each of the elements of an APA-style research report, including: an introduction to your topic area, purpose or rationale for the study, and hypothesis, methodology, results, and conclusions. For an oral presentation you are given a strict time limit (commonly between 10 and 20 minutes). You should practice your presentation, with your slides, until you are comfortable sticking to that time limit. You should prepare a summary of your presentation and bring copies of this summary for distribution to those who are interested.
Typically a poster session at a conference is a large room filled with rows of bulletin boards, where individual researchers are given space to display their research for an hour or two. Each researcher stands by his or her poster as attendees walk by to look and ask questions. Although poster presentation are very common at conference, the Publication Manual provides no guidelines for their preparation. Therefore, there are big differences from one to another. When a poster is accepted for presentation, you receive some guidelines from the organization for preparation. In addition, Szuchman (2011) provides some helpful hints for preparing posters. All posters should be easy to read at a distance of approximately 3 feet. For example, test should be no smaller than 24 points, with headings and poster title being even larger, and a font that is easy to read, such as Arial or Times New Roman. Your poster should be laid out in an organized, logical way, with as few words as possible, so that a reader can figure out the rationale of your study, based on a very brief introduction, the purpose or hypothesis of your study, the method, the results and the conclusions, within 1 to 2 minutes. Use bulleted lists, tables, and graphs. Mounting each page of your poster on a colored board backing or sparingly using colored text for titles and headings is common, as is having professionally produced glossy vinyl posters that can simply be unrolled. For a poster you are given a strict space limit (commonly 4 feet high by 6 feet wide). You should ensure that you keep your poster within the space limitation for the conference. You should also bring pushpins for mounting your poster, as well as copies of a summary of your poster for distribution to those who are interested.
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