“There are two approaches to land use planning that are known to
exist. The first and widely applied approach is the conventional or
[expert-driven] approach. It is also referred to as the blueprint or
institutional approach.
[…]
The planning process pursues the classical
procedure of systematic, technical surveys on the basis of which
plans are devised centrally by Government institutions and worked
out in detail by professional staff to meet goals that are also decided
centrally. It is a rigid, top-down and expert-led approach. People, the
very users and managers of land, are never consulted concerning their
opinion. They are only considered in a brief socio-economic survey
by questionnaires, that does not play a great role in the process. This
lack of consultation has led to the exclusion of local people and their
knowledge, to production of plans that are not appropriate to local
circumstances and plans that have hardly been implemented.