The analysis from Chapter 1 is extended to explore the relationship between institutional ownership (with all of
its implied monitoring) and firm value. Institutional ownership is shown to be positively related to firm value.
Institutional and insider ownership appear to have complementary positive relationships with value and each
other-suggesting a tradeoff between the forces implied by the entrenchment, convergence of interests, and
external monitoring views of corporate ownership. The positive relationships exist even after controlling for
ownership structure endogeneity. On average, a 1% increase in institutional ownership translates to a higher
market value (as a percentage of book value) of approximately 0.6%, or $125M for the mean firm in the cross
section, with the effect being slightly smaller for firm random effects models (0.4%). The ownership-value
relationship is shown to be the result of improved monitoring and governance rather than price-pressure or
institutional stock picking ability.