Finally, plausible strategies to reduce mislabeling in Italy andin the rest of the world are linked to strengthening traceabilitysystems by the adoption of a new detailed global label identi-fying seafood by a unique code which may allow consumers totrack seafood uniquely. Labeling and certification are importantparameters in a product strategy, especially when entering inter-national trade. In addition to adhering to regulatory requirementsin the importing countries, voluntary labels or certification enableproducers and marketers of fish and fishery products to target spe-cific segments of consumers, thus gaining a competitive advantage